MY BROSHURE

PCC - Testing

When aggregate, water and portland cement paste are combined to produce a homogenous substance, that substance takes on new physical properties that are related to but not identical to the physical properties of its components. Thus, several common mechanical laboratory tests are used to characterize the basic mixture and predict mixture properties. Unlike HMA, it is difficult to draw a clean distinction between characterization tests and performance tests. Typically, PCC is characterized by slump, air content and strength. However, these characteristics can also be used as performance predictors for workability, durability and strength respectively. Therefore, this section does not distinguish between mixture characterization tests and performance tests.
Whereas HMA tests are often scale simulations of actual field conditions (such as rut tests), PCC tests are directed more at the basic physical properties of PCC as a material.
The challenge in PCC testing is to develop physical tests that can satisfactorily characterize key PCC performance parameters and the nature of their change throughout the life of a pavement. These key parameters are:

Workability. This parameter, typically measured by slump, is indicative of fresh concrete rheology.

Strength. This parameter is related to a rigid pavement's ability to support loads. Flexural strength is commonly used in design and then correlated to compressive strength for use in field tests.

Durability. Several tests can be conducted to determine susceptibility to freeze-thaw or chemical attack damage.

Early age behavior. HIPERPAV, a software program, can be used to predict early-age PCC behavior.

BUILDING LOAD

LOADS

The loads imposed on the curtain wall are transferred to the building structure through the anchors which attach the mullions to the building. The building structure needs to be designed and account for these loads.

Dead load

Dead load is defined as the weight of structural elements and the permanent features on the structure. In the case of curtain walls, this load is made up of the weight of the mullions, anchors, and other structural components of the curtain wall, as well as the weight of the infill material. Additional dead loads imposed on the curtain wall, such as sunshades, must be accounted for in the design of the curtain wall components and anchors.

Wind load

Wind load acting on the building is the result of wind blowing on the building. This wind pressure must be resisted by the curtain wall system since it envelops and protects the building. Wind loads vary greatly throughout the world, with the largest wind loads being near the coast in hurricane-prone regions. Building codes are used to determine the required design wind loads for a specific project location. Often, a wind tunnel study is performed on large or unusually shaped buildings. A scale model of the building and the surrounding vicinity is built and placed in a wind tunnel to determine the wind pressures acting on the structure in question. These studies take into account vortex shedding around corners and the effects of surrounding buildings.

Seismic load

Seismic loads need to be addressed in the design of curtain wall components and anchors. In most situations, the curtain wall is able to naturally withstand seismic and wind induced building sway because of the space provided between the glazing infill and the mullion. In tests, standard curtain wall systems are able to withstand three inches (75 mm) of relative floor movement without glass breakage or water leakage. Anchor design needs to be reviewed, however, since a large floor-to-floor displacement can place high forces on anchors.

Snow load

Snow loads and live loads are not typically an issue in curtain walls, since curtain walls are designed to be vertical or slightly inclined. If the slope of a wall exceeds 20 degrees or so, these loads may need to be considered.

Thermal load

Thermal loads are induced in a curtain wall system because aluminum has a relatively high coefficient of thermal expansion. This means that over the span of a couple of floors, the curtain wall will expand and contract some distance, relative to its length and the temperature differential. This expansion and contraction is accounted for by cutting horizontal mullions slightly short and allowing a space between the horizontal and vertical mullions. In unitized curtain wall, a gap is left between units, which is sealed from air and water penetration by wiper gaskets. Vertically, anchors carrying wind load only (not dead load) are slotted to account for movement. Incidentally, this slot also accounts for live load deflection and creep in the floor slabs of the building structure.

Blast load

Accidental explosions and terrorist threats have brought on increased concern for the fragility of a curtain wall system in relation to blast loads. The bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, has spawned much of the current research and mandates in regards to building response to blast loads. Currently, all new federal buildings in the U.S., and all U.S. embassies built on foreign soil, must have some provision for resistance to bomb blasts.
Since the curtain wall is at the exterior of the building, it becomes the first line of defense in a bomb attack. As such, blast resistant curtain walls must be designed to withstand such forces without compromising the interior of the building to protect its occupants. Since blast loads are very high loads with short durations, the curtain wall response should be analyzed in a dynamic load analysis, with full-scale mock-up testing performed prior to design completion and installation.
Blast resistant glazing consists of laminated glass, which is meant to break but not separate from the mullions. Similar technology is used in hurricane-prone areas for the protection from wind-borne debris

CONCRETE..

Concrete Composition

A highway paved with concrete.

1930s vibrated concrete, manufactured in Croydon and installed by the LMS railway after an art deco refurbishment in Meols.
There are many types of concrete available by varying the proportions of the main ingredients below.
The mix design depends on the type of structure being built, how the concrete will be mixed and delivered, and how it will be placed to form this structure.

Cement
Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general usage. It is a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar and plaster. English engineer Joseph Aspdin patented Portland cement in 1824; it was named because of its similarity in colour to Portland limestone, quarried from the English Isle of Portland and used extensively in London architecture. It consists of a mixture of oxides of calcium, silicon and aluminium. Portland cement and similar materials are made by heating limestone (a source of calcium) with clay, and grinding this product (called clinker) with a source of sulfate (most commonly gypsum).
High temperature applications, such as masonry ovens and the like, generally require the use of a refractory cement; concretes based on Portland cement can be damaged or destroyed by elevated temperatures, but refractory concretes are better able to withstand such conditions.

Water
Combined with a cementitious material, this forms a cement paste. The cement paste glues the aggregate together, fills voids between it, and allows it to flow more easily.
Less water in the cement paste will yield a stronger more durable concrete, more water will give an easier flowing concrete with a higher slump.[4]
Impure water used to make concrete can cause problems, either when setting, or later on.

Aggregates
Fine and coarse aggregates make up the bulk of a concrete mixture. Sand, natural gravel and crushed stone are mainly used for this purpose. Recycled aggregates (from construction, demolition and excavation waste) are increasingly used as partial replacements of natural aggregates, while a number of manufactured aggregates, including air-cooled blast furnace slag and bottom ash are also permitted.
Decorative stones such as quartzite, small river stones or crushed glass are sometimes added to the surface of concrete for a decorative "exposed aggregate" finish, popular among landscape designers.

Reinforcement
Concrete is strong in compression, as the aggregate efficiently carries the compression load. However, it is weak in tension as the cement holding the aggregate in place can snap, allowing the structure to fail. Reinforced concrete solves these problems by adding metal reinforcing bars, glassfiber, or plastic fiber to carry tensile loads.

CONCRETE

MASJID KRISTAL,Taman Tamadun Islam

The history ( masjid kristal) & monument
Sejarah ringkas mengenai monumen-monumen yang dipamerkan adalah seperti berikut:


Masjidil Haram, Mekah, Arab Saudi

Sebagaimana yang diketahui ramai sejarah Masjidil Haram terutamanya Kaabah bermula dari zaman Nabi Ibrahim AS lagi. Walaubaimanapun pembinaan bangunan masjid itu sendiri hanya bermula pada zaman Khalifah Omar Alkhattab RA iaitu sekitar tahun 639 Masihi. Sebahagian besar bangunan asal masjid dibuat menggunakan batu biru yang boleh didapati di bukit-bukit di sekeliling Lembah Hijjaz. Sejak dari zaman tersebut bangunan masjid telah ditambah sedikit demi sedikit sehingga menjadi bentuknya yang dapat kita lihat pada hari ini.

Masjid Negara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Bangunan Masjid Negara telah dibina pada tahun 1965 bagi memperingati perjuangan dan jasa-jasa Perdana Menteri Malaysia yang pertama iaitu YAB Tunku Abdul Rahman Putera Al Haj dalam memerdekakan Tanah Melayu dari penjajah Inggeris. Bangunan yang dibina selepas Merdeka mempunyai ciri-ciri yang menunjukkan kemajuan dan kebebasan termasuklah Masjid Negara. Ciri-ciri ini ditonjolkan melalui rekabentuk dan bahan-bahan binaan yang digunakan.Ciri-ciri yang menarik pada masjid ini adalah kubah yang diperbuat dari konkrete berbentuk payung terbuka dan menara yang berbentuk payung tertutup. Payung memberi simbolik kepada perlindungan dan keselamatan.

- Kubah As-Sakhrah, Palestin

Bangunan Kubah As-Sakhrah atau lebih dikenali lagi sebagai Dome of The Rock dibina pada tahun 692 Masihi di kawasan Haram al-Sharif bagi melindungi batu tergantung yang menjadi tempat Nabi Muhammad SAW berpijak sebelum Mikraj kelangit.Ciri-ciri penting yang dapat dilihat pada bangunan ini adalah replika batu tergantung itu sendiri serta kesenian kerja-kerja jubin dan kaligrafi dari Surah Yaasin dan Surah Al Israq.


PERASMIAN TAMAN TAMADUN ISLAM

PERASMIAN AKAN DILAKUKAN PADA 2 FEBRUARI 2OO8

Wednesday, January 9, 2008

THE MONUMENTS.

• NATIONAL MOSQUE, MALAYSIA.


• KUDUS MINAR, INDONESIA.


• PATTANI, THAILAND.


• SULTAN OMAR ALI SAIFUDIN, BRUNEI.


• TAJ MAHAL, INDIA.


• BADSHAHI, PAKISTAN.


• DOME OF THE ROCK, JERUSALEM


• .GREAT MOSQUE OF SAMARRA, IRAQ.


• SHEIKH LUTFALLAH, IRAN.


• ABU NASR PARSA, AFGANISTAN


• .AL HARAM, MECCA.


• AL EPPO CITADEL, SYRIA


• .MOHAMAD ALI, EGYPT.


• PROPHET MOSQUE, MADINAH.


• SULEYMAN COMPLEX, TURKEY.


• QAIRAWAN, TUNISIA.


• AL HAMBRA, SPAIN


• .KALYAN MINARET, UZBEKISTAN.


• AGADEZ, NIGER


• .KUL SHARIF, RUSSIA.


• XIAN, CHINA.

About Taman Tamadun Islam Monument

Sejarah ringkas mengenai monument-monumen yang dipamerkan adalah seperti berikut:- Masjidil Haram, Mekah, Arab SaudiSebagaimana yang diketahui ramai sejarah Masjidil Haram terutamanya Kaabah bermula dari zaman Nabi Ibrahim AS lagi. Walaubaimanapun pembinaan bangunan masjid itu sendiri hanya bermula pada zaman Khalifah Omar Alkhattab RA iaitu sekitar tahun 639 Masihi. Sebahagian besar bangunan asal masjid dibuat menggunakan batu biru yang boleh didapati di bukit-bukit di sekeliling Lembah Hijjaz. Sejak dari zaman tersebut bangunan masjid telah ditambah sedikit demi sedikit sehingga menjadi bentuknya yang dapat kita lihat pada hari ini.

TAMAN TAMADUN ISLAM

1.0 PENGENALAN
Taman Tamadun Islam adalah sebuah Taman Tema yang memaparkan keunikan koleksi monumen-monumen hasil senibina Islam yang tersohor dari seluruh pelusuk dunia. Disamping itu ia juga dirancang dengan pelbagai kemudahan dan tarikan bagi setiap lapisan umur dengan tema utama “education dan entertainment”.

2.0 TAPAK PROJEK

3.0 KOMPONEN PROJEK

1.0 Kawasan Taman Tamaddun, terbahagi kepada 2 zon utama.
Zon Pertama dikenali sebagai Kompleks TTI yang menempatkan;
i. Bangunan TTI Entry Complex yang mengandungi Pejabat Pengurusan Taman, Dewan Taklimat dan dewan Pameran.
ii. 5 monumen Interaktif iaitu: Masjid Negara, Dome of the Rock, Masjidil Haram, Al Hambra dan Taj Mahal.
iii. 16 monumen pameran statik yang terdiri monumen-monumen pilihan dari Asia Tenggara, Asia Tengah, Timur Tengah, Russia dan Afrika.
iv. Peralatan Permainan Kanak-kanak (Children Playride)v. Kiosk Perniagaan statik dan bergerakvi. Mini Ampheteatervii. Tasik No. 1

rujukan:
http://masjidkristal.blogspot.com/2008/01/perasmian-taman-tamadun-islam.html#links

about construction

Nature of the Industry

Houses, apartments, factories, offices, schools, roads, and bridges are only some of the products of the construction industry. This industry’s activities include the building of new structures, including site preparation, as well as additions and modifications to existing ones. The industry also includes maintenance, repair, and improvements on these structures.

n. The construction industry is divided into three major segments. The construction of building segment includes contractors, usually called general contractors, who build residential, industrial, commercial, and other buildings. Heavy and civil engineering construction contractors build sewers, roads, highways, bridges, tunnels, and other projects. Specialty trade contractors perform specialized activities related to construction such as carpentry, painting, plumbing, and electrical work.

Construction usually is done or coordinated by general contractors, who specialize in one type of construction such as residential or commercial building. They take full responsibility for the complete job, except for specified portions of the work that may be omitted from the general contract. Although general contractors may do a portion of the work with their own crews, they often subcontract most of the work to heavy construction or specialty trade contractors.
Specialty trade contractors usually do the work of only one trade, such as painting, carpentry, or electrical work, or of two or more closely related trades, such as plumbing and heating. Beyond fitting their work to that of the other trades, specialty trade contractors have no responsibility for the structure as a whole. They obtain orders for their work from general contractors, architects, or property owners. Repair work is almost always done on direct order from owners, occupants, architects, or rental agents.

Construction is heavily dependent upon business cycles. Changes in interest rates and tax laws affect individual and business decisions related to construction activity. State and local budgets affect road construction and maintenance. Changes in regulations can result in new construction or stop planned projects. The effects of these various influences can be short term or long term.

Working Conditions

Hou Most employees in this industry work full time, and many work over 40 hours a week. In 2006, about 20 percent of construction workers worked 45 hours or more a week. Construction workers may sometimes work evenings, weekends, and holidays to finish a job or take care of an emergency. Construction workers must often contend with the weather when working outdoors. Rain, snow, or wind may halt construction work. Workers in this industry usually do not get paid if they can’t work due to the weather.

Wo. Workers in this industry need physical stamina because the work frequently requires prolonged standing, bending, stooping, and working in cramped quarters. They also may be required to lift and carry heavy objects. Exposure to weather is common because much of the work is done outside or in partially enclosed structures. Construction workers often work with potentially dangerous tools and equipment amidst a clutter of building materials; some work on temporary scaffolding or at great heights and in bad weather. Consequently, they are more prone to injuries than are workers in other jobs. In 2006, cases of work-related injury and illness were 5.9 per 100 full-time construction workers, which is significantly higher than the 4.4 rate for the entire private sector. Workers who are employed by foundation, structure, and building exterior contractors experienced the highest injury rates. In response, employers increasingly emphasize safe working conditions and habits that reduce the risk of injuries. To avoid injury, employees wear safety clothing, such as gloves and hardhats, and devices to protect their eyes, mouth, or hearing, as needed.

Employment

Construction, with 7.7 million wage and salary jobs and 1.9 million self-employed and unpaid family workers in 2006, was one of the Nation’s largest industries. Construction also maintains the most consistent job growth. About 64 percent of wage and salary jobs in construction were in the specialty trades, primarily plumbing, heating, and air conditioning; electrical; and masonry. Around 24 percent of jobs were mostly in residential and nonresidential construction. The rest were in heavy and civil engineering construction

(Employment in this industry is distributed geographically in much the same way as the Nation’s population. There were about 883,000 construction establishments in the United States in 2006: 268,000 were building construction contractors; 64,000 were heavy and civil engineering construction or highway contractors; and 550,000 were specialty trade contractors. Most of these establishments tend to be small; 65 percent employed fewer than 5 workers (chart 1). About 11 percent of workers are employed by small contractors.